Introduction (from Part 1) I discuss information I gathered from a book called The Bilingual Brain which highlighted many of my own experiences as a bilingual speaker (French and English). It also confirmed my observations as a parent of two bilingual children. Feel free to read: Albert Costa. The Bilingual Brain. Penguin Books, 2017.
1 Bilingual people can be speakers of two languages regardless - whether they learnt a language from birth - how frequently they speak the language - how proficient they are in that particular language
2 Bilingual Adults as Jugglers
A Juggling - Costa says that bilingual adults are like jugglers. But I suggest their juggling remains invisible. - When bilingual persons (Spanish speakers) talk with English adults, for whom English is the First language, it is rare that they slip into the bilingual’s own language (Spanish) although the bilingual person's brain has not turned off their own language. It is there, though they don’t use it. It remains invisible. - However, it is well known that monolinguals as well as bilinguals can introduce words of another language like in the phrase ‘el check-in’ in a conversation but this is often because these are commonly used phrases internationally.
B Code switching - So, the adult bilinguals juggle but they also switch. In informal situations, like around a table with family and friends, people allow themselves to change to the most relevant speaking style or 'code'. - In our own language, we can all ‘code switch’ using different words, phrases and intonation, in more or less formal circumstances and with people we are more or less familiar with. - That's what we do when we change how we speak at work to a colleague to how we speak to a manager. We 'code switch'. The degree of familiarity and of the environment determine how we speak at home with the family compared to when we talk to a manager or even colleagues in our workplace.
For bilinguals, code-switching happens across two languages when adults feel free to insert a word or phrase of the other language. Bilinguals always follow the grammatical rules of the main language involved.
a ‘Donde están las keys’ (Spanish conversation) [Where are the keys?] Agreement a: the plural verb ‘estan’ agrees with plural noun ‘keys’.
Note : On a personal level, I have surprised myself, saying the following: c ‘Where are my lunettes ?’ (English conversation) [Where are my glasses ?] Agreement c: the plural verb ‘are’ agrees with plural noun ‘lunettes’.
Albert Costa makes the point that when code / language switching, bilinguals follow all the rules of grammar of the dominant language in the conversation.
3 Advantages to brain
A Multitasking - Bilinguals can adjust and code switch in their use of languages, to adapt to their interlocutor and their environment. - Bilingual adults can efficiently classify items under different criteria, and this was seen to also apply to bilingual children [see Part 1]. - Bilinguals showed when tested for attentional capacity that they are better at avoiding conflict and blocking out irrelevant information.
B Better cognitive responses Costa also discusses the lessening of cognitive decline for bilingual Seniors, a theme also covered by a more recent book: Viorica Marian, The Power of Language: Multilingualism, Self, and Society, 2023.
4 Disadvantages of bilingualism
A Lack of speed in some speech circumstances - It may take a little longer for bilinguals to express a thought. - Bilingual children can take slightly longer to start speaking any language, and this should not be of concern to parents.
B More brain effort needed, increasing use of 'the grey matter' - The more dominant the first language, the more the bilingual adults need to block it, and the bigger is the delay or difficulty for them to speak another language. - That is not simply because they cannot remember a word, but because the stronger language keeps interfering. To control this, the brain needs to exercise extra vigour. - Costa says if bilinguals learn other languages, they juggle three or more balls. (This must mean the brain has to work more to exercise this control.)
Conclusion: In conclusion, I refer you again to Viorica Marian for a quotation: ‘Bilingual children as young as seven months can better adjust to environmental changes, while bilingual seniors can experience less cognitive decline.’ Viorica Marian & Anthony Shook, National Institute of Health in the US, 2012.
Adultes bilingues : le bienfait de jongler avec les langues
Adultes (Part 2) [Enfants : voir Part 1, 18Nov25]
Adultes bilingues : le bienfait de jongler avec les langues
Note : Je me surprends souvent à faire ça moi-même, quand je parle ainsi: c : ‘Where are my lunettes ?’ Conversation en Anglais [Où sont mes lunettes ?] Accord c: le verbe pluriel ‘sont’ s’accorde avec la phrase plurielle 'lunettes’.
Costa remarque que l’accord grammatical est toujours maintenu avec la langue dominante de la conversation.
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